In the original article, on p. 681 (Section 5.1), the microfabricated devices (MFDs) categories were numbered incorrectly. The following lettering from A to F is correct, and as used in the examples presented on pp. 682–683.
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 78, No. 5, pp. 1091, 2006.
Pure Appl. Chem. 78, 677–684 (2006).
IUPAC Technical Report
© 2006 IUPAC
IUPAC permission is acknowledged
Immunosensitization to metal ions through occupational and environmental exposure has been described in earlier papers from this project. Here we discuss the possible role of cytokine profiling in demonstrating and understanding this phenomenon. The cytokines are a large family of polypeptides exerting autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine effects. They include interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), and growth factors. They may be grouped as pro-inflammatory (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α), anti-inflammatory (e.g., IL-10), or those regulating T-helper (TH) cell function. The latter are subdivided into those associated with TH1 (e.g., IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-β) or TH2 (e.g., IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) cell function. Because different types of immune reactions (e.g., immediate reaction vs. delayed-type hypersensitivity) differentially involve TH1 and TH2 cells, measurement of cytokine production in response to metal ions can potentially give insight into underlying immune mechanisms and responses. Examples are given for species of Ni, Cr, Co, Hg, Cd, and Be; and in less detail for species of Fe, Pt, Pd, and Rh.
Antibodies are available commercially that allow for the determination of many cytokines, and such measurements are most usefully performed with body fluids, supernatants from stimulated lymphocyte cultures, or lysates of lymphocytes or other biopsied cells. The predominant methods include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometric measurement of the cytokine, bioassay of its activity in cell culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assessment of its mRNA level. In practice, levels of individual cytokines are highly variable between individuals, and reliable reference values are generally lacking. Ratios of cytokines are more informative than absolute concentrations, and biological variability in cytokine production dictates that repeated testing is necessary to confirm trends. Determining cytokine profiles is presently of questionable diagnostic utility in individual cases of metal sensitization, but is providing mechanistic insights in a research context.
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 78, No. 11, pp. 2155–2168, 2006.
IUPAC Technical Report
© 2006 IUPAC
IUPAC permission is acknowledged
Abstract
This is a book that addresses a very important theme for those who wish to improve communication in technical and scientific texts.
PART I
1- Language and Communication – theoretical introduction, as concise as possible.
2- Linguistic diversity: the levels of language – the preparatory phase, which aims to demonstrate the various forms of verbal communication, emphasizing the need to adapt the language to the context.
3- Specialized language, academic language – to show that academic language is a kind of specialized language, with its own characteristics.
4- Characteristics and specificities of academic language – practical examples of syntactic constructions and tips about vocabulary.
5- The Academic texts – suggestions to prepare summaries, reviews, annotations, articles and reports.
6- The research project – what is a project, what are the elements that constitute it, how is the topic defined, construction of the objectives, rationale, literature review and methodological procedures to be adopted in developing the work.
PART II
1- Monographs – brief characterization of Monographs, MBA, MSc and PhD thesis (all are monographs).
2- The plan of writing – explains in detail how to prepare an effective plan for the writing of an academic work.
3- The drafting of the work – in addition to discussing the technique of citations and footnotes, suggestions for writing are offered, with regard to the technical qualities of the formal part: construction of phrases, a common vocabulary, which should not be used in scientific writing, the use of the 3rd. Person (the impersonal) etc..
4- Arguments: coherence and cohesion – present the forms of argument, explain what its consistency and cohesion, address and justify the division of development into two or three parts
5- Parts of the monograph and its content – indicates what should be the introduction, how to prepare the development, divided into parts, what should be the conclusion, what should appear in Annexes and Appendices.
6- Parts that make up the monograph – order and criteria for the layout, according to the latest norms.
BIBLIOGRAFIA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 – How to develop REFERENCES (with Glossary)
Appendix 2 – Grammar Review: Grammatical points that are difficult for college students and, consequently, become the flaws found in the writings of undergraduate and graduate students.
Author
Maria Margarida de Andrade
