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In this document, we define a data exchange format initially formulated from discussions of an International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) limited-term task group at the 35th Royal Society of Chemistry-ESR conference in Aberdeen 2002. The definition of this format is based on the IUPAC Joint Committee on Atomic and Molecular Physical Data Exchange (JCAMPDX) protocols, which were developed for the exchange of infrared spectra and extended to chemical structures, nuclear magnetic resonance data, mass spectra, and ion mobility spectra.
This standard of the JCAMP-DX was further extended to cover year 2000 compatible date strings and good laboratory practice, and the next release will cover the information needed for storing n-dimensional data sets. The aim of this paper is to adapt JCAMP-DX to the special requirements for electron magnetic resonance (EMR).
Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 78, No. 3, p. 613–631, 2006
IUPAC Recommendations
© 2006 IUPAC
IUPAC permission is acknowledged
Abstract
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Since 1999 a project called “Environmental impact of agricultural use of sewage sludge”, has been carried out at Embrapa Meio Ambiente, aiming to provide general information about the environmental impacts to agro-ecosystem in a tropical soil of continuous and long-term agricultural use of sewage sludge under ecological conditions of cultivation. This information is important for companies that generate sewage sludge, for the environmental agencies, for the institutions responsible for standardization of its land disposal, and for the makers of public policy regarding the disposal of waste soils.
The project, in its first phase, lasted for three years and is scheduled to be conducted for 10 years. This book, which we consider as a report, aims to present an accountability to society on the results obtained in the course of the first three years of the project. Some information in the chapters has been published in the form of theses and scientific papers in national and international journals. Since these publications are of relatively limited access, we decided to publish this book, both printed and available online.
Technical Editors
Wagner Bettiol
Otavio A. Camargo
Embrapa – Meio Ambiente
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This book is organized into chapters, each with its own bibliography in order to facilitate reading. It is written mainly for Chemists, Physicists, Chemical and Materials Engineers. Mechanical Engineers and some other specialists may have more difficulty understanding it because, unfortunately, difficulty the chemistry content in their undergraduate programs are less comprehensive. When necessary, each chapter has a short introduction to the subject being treated.
Thus, the first chapter is a general introduction, which discusses the basic concepts of polymer science from the perspective of degradation. The second chapter discusses the chemical reactions that occur during the processes of degradation of polymers in general, so that they can be referred to in subsequent chapters. The third and fourth chapters deal with the ways that these reactions are initiated. In the third, the forms of initiation that occur in isolation are presented, and in the fourth, those that always occur in an associated manner.
In this fourth chapter there is also a discussion on stress-cracking, a form of degradation known for a long time, but poorly understood. On the other hand, as degradation of blends is different from the degradation of pure polymers and copolymers, this phenomenon is discussed in Chapter 5, together with that composites and nanocomposites. In order to understand the processes of degradation and select the best type of stabilizing additive, or their combinations, it is necessary to choose the most appropriate method for testing monitoring the results of these tests.
Without wishing to supplant the existing literature, Chapter 6 seeks to discuss these methods, again from the perspective of the issue of degradation and stabilization. After knowing how the degradation begins and how it can be followed, it is necessary to discuss how to mitigate it: stabilizers are discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. As biodegradation is different from the usual degradation of synthetic polymers, it is treated separately in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 discusses some important cases related to the issue of degradation and stabilization of polymers, as well as some procedures that must be taken in litigation related to the topic.
Author
Marco-Aurélio De Paol
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With population growth and increased economic activities throughout the world, water of adequate quality has become scarce natural resource, requiring national or multilateral public policies for management of multiple uses and for the preservation of quality. Despite its relatively comfortable position in this scenario, holding about 11.6% of the freshwater of the world, Brazil has problems of uneven distribution of this resource: approximately 70% is in the Amazon in contrast to only 3% being available in Northeastern Brazil. In regions like Center-South Brazil, despite good availability, the intensity of economic activity – urban sprawl, industry, services and agriculture – has led to serious conflicts about water use, given the diagnosis of high waste and lack of treatment of wastewater. Since the 90’s Brazil has been implementing policies aimed at managing the use and quality of its water resources.
Recent advances in this direction can be evaluated from the creation of the National Water Agency (ANA) and the set of initiatives it has coordinated, with the participation of several federal, state and municipal governmental agencies. The objectives pursued are the consolidation of innovative public policy instruments for management of the waters. Converging with this effort, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, in partnership with other units of Embrapa and other public and private institutions, is conducting research projects and development in the region of the São Francisco river. As a result of this effort, Embrapa offers to Brazilian people methods for monitoring water quality in their watersheds.
Technical Editors
Elisabeth F. Fay
Célia Maria M. da Silva
Embrapa – Meio Ambiente
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The research team from Embrapa Meio Ambiente has been developing, in partnership with experts from other public and private institutions, studies on the biodegradation of pesticides in Brazilian soils. These studies are basic, but they may result in information and technologies and direct application in the recovery of rural and urban environments contaminated with pesticides.
As another product of this long-term partnership, we are pleased to present the book Metalaxyl, with results on the degradation processes of this fungicide in terms of Brazilian soils. This is well known product among Brazilian farmers, and recommended for foliar application for fruits (grapes, melon, watermelon), vegetables (potatoes, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes) and flowers (rose), in addition to treatment of cereal seeds (corn and soybeans). The book consists of six chapters, written by six researchers from Embrapa Meio Ambiente: Célia Maria Maganhotto de Souza Silva, Elisabeth Francisconi Fay, Itamar Soares de Melo, Rosana Faria Vieira, Vera Lúcia Ferracini and Vera Lúcia de Castro and teachers Andréa Maria Spessoto from Cruzeiro do Sul University and Regina Teresa Rosim Monteiro, from the University of São Paulo.
The first chapter presents the characterization of the fungicide metalaxyl; in second, the effect of this fungicide on soil microflora in the Brazilian semi-arid soil; in third and fourth chapters presented, respectively, quantification and adsorption, and mineralization of the fungicide metalaxyl in Brazilians soils. In the fifth chapter the genetics of bacterial communities associated with biodegradation of this fungicide are characterized. Finally, the sixth chapter presents aspects of the evaluation of the effects of exposure to metalaxyl in non-target organisms.
Authors
Célia Maria M. da Silva
Elisabeth F. Fay
Embrapa – Meio Ambiente
