This paper presents terms and definitions for capillary electromigration techniques for separation, qualitative and quantitative analysis and physico-chemical characterization. Names and descriptions for such techniques (e.g., capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography) as well as terms for the phenomenon of electroosmotic flow are included.
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 443–451, 2004.
IUPAC Recommendations 2003
© 2004 IUPAC
IUPAC permission is acknowledged
Abstract
The basic principles of the X-ray absorption and photoelectronic spectroscopy (XAS and XPS), the equipment associated with these techniques and the methods employed for data processing are introduced. Emphasis is given to studies of electronic and structural properties of inorganic materials by describing some examples found in the literature. These techniques provide different information. The XPS is mainly used in the investigation of chemical and structural changes of the elements present on the surface of the material studied. On the other hand, XAS provides details of the sample and its volume (bulk) over a short-range around the atom of interest. The examples described show that these techniques are complementary for characterization of materials.
Keywords
photoelectric effect, bond energy, X-ray spectroscopy, XPS, EXAFS, XANES, characterization of inorganic materials
Authors
Emerson Schwingel Ribeiro
Maria Suzana P. Francisco
José Eduardo Gonçalves
Yoshitaka Gushikem
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
Translated by
João C. de Andrade
Revised by
Carol C. Collins
