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Cyclophane and linear phane systems are considered as parent hydrides. Their derivatives are named in conformity with the principles, rules, and conventions prescribed for naming organic compounds. The following nomenclatural features are described: indicated and added hydrogen, order of seniority for numbering, substituents expressed as suffixes, substituents cited as prefixes, phane parent hydrides modified by addition or subtraction of hydrogen atoms, and polyfunctional derivatives.
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 809–834, 2002.
IUPAC Recommendations 2002
© 2002 IUPAC
IUPAC permission is acknowledged
Abstract
This text presents, briefly, the principles of operation of spectrophotometers for obtaining electronic absorption spectra from the ultraviolet spectral region to the near infrared. The layout and description of single and double beam optical instruments, as well as those which make use of photodiodearrays and photomultipliers as detectors.. This text will be supplemented by another, which describes the working principle of the spectrophotometer for obtaining electronic emission and excitation spectra in photostationary conditions, known as spectrofluorimeters.
Keywords
spectroscopy, spectrophotometer, spectrofluorimeters, electromagnetic radiation, UV-Vis, Near IR, diffraction, detectors, shoppers
Authors
Teresa D. Z. Atvars
Cláudia Martelli
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
Translated by
João C. de Andrade
Revised by
Carol H. Collins
Abstract
This text presents, briefly, the theoretical principles of the luminescence spectroscopy of organic molecules from an excited electronic state. For this a brief review of the processes of absorption on the vibrational structure of electronic transitions and the dependence of luminescence intensity on the concentration of the sample is presented. This matter also presents the layout and description of the main types of processes after the molecular excitation under photostationary conditions (excitation with a continuous source). Along with some examples, it discusses the principal kinds of molecular information that can be obtained from this type of spectroscopy. The experimental aspects related to the use of fluorescence spectroscopy measurements under photostationary conditions are treated in another text.
Keywords
radiation absorption processes, electronic transitions, emission spectroscopy, luminescence, UV-Vis, fluorescence, Franck-Condon principle
Authors
Teresa D. Z. Atvars
Cláudia Martelli
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
Translated by
João C. de Andrade
Revised by
Carol H. Collins
Abstract
This article presents briefly the operating principles of a spectrofluorimeter used to obtain emission and excitation electronic spectra, from the ultraviolet to the near infrared spectral regions. It is also presents the usual layout of this kind of instrument for operation in photostationary conditions, as well as a description of its main components. The differences in operating modes to determine the excitation and fluorescence spectra, showing the complementarity of the vibrational and electronic spectroscopies are discussed. Some examples are given as illustrations.
Keywords
spectroscopy, emission, spectrofluorimeters, emission spectrum, excitation spectrum
Authors
Teresa D. Z. Atvars
Cláudia Martelli
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
Translated by
João C. de Andrade
Revised by
Carol C. Collins
