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There is substantial evidence of the complexity of selenium speciation in living organisms and of the importance of the selective determination of the particular species of this element in order to understand its metabolism and biological significance in clinical chemistry, biology, toxicology, and nutrition.
The state-of-the-art of analytical techniques available for this purpose is critically evaluated with particular emphasis on the element-selective detection and identification of the detected selenium compounds. Whereas there are a number of techniques available that are able to detect various selenium species in living organisms selectively, few techniques exist that are able to identify and to characterize the species detected.
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 447–461, 2000.
IUPAC Technical Report
© 2000 IUPAC
IUPAC permission is acknowledged
Abstract
The separation and analysis of a mixture of volatile substances can be made through Gas Chromatography (GC). The use of this technique requires some care, among them the choice of correct stationary phase (SP) and mobile phase (MP). The temperature must be controlled, to secure the reproducibility of the analysis. These and other critical points of the Gas Chromatographic technique will be addressed in this article.
Keywords
Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, Chromatography column, Tubular columns, Packed column, Sationary phase, Detectors.
Author
Fábio Augusto
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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This text about gas chromatography is accompanied by a group of 120 slides (transparences; in portuguese), which illustrate the material and add elements that must be considered by the reader for future use and study. This slideshow is compressed into 21 files and, to utilize them, they must be:
1. Saved in a directory in your computer;;
2. Unpacked utilizing an appropriate program, and
3. Open the files in the PowerPoint program (part of the Microsoft Office packed) or your equivalent in StarOffice pack, available in [www.sun.com/staroffice].
Each pack of file [zipped] contains from 4 to 7 slides and are presented below.
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Table 1. Content of file to download.
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CG01
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1. History
2. Basic Principle
3. Modalities and Classification
4. Gas Chromatography: History
5. Gas Chromatography: Applicability
6. The Gas Chromatograph
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CG02
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1. Instrumentation: Carrier gas
2. Instrumentation: Carrier gas
3. Instrumentation: Carrier gas feed
4. Instrumentation: Sample injection device
5. Instrumentation: Conventional injector “on-column”
6. Instrumentation: Injector “on-column” for liquids
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CG03
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1. Instrumentation: Injection parameters
2. Instrumentation: Microsyringes for injection
3. Instrumentation: Columns: basics definitions
4. Instrumentation: Column temperature
5. Instrumentation: Column temperature
6. Instrumentation: Column furnace
7. Instrumentation: Column furnace
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CG04
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1. Instrumentation: Linear temperature programming
2. Instrumentation: Linear temperature programming
3. Instrumentation: Linear temperature programming
4. Instrumentation: Detectors
5. Instrumentation: Detectors
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CG05
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1. Basic Theory: Adjusted Retention Time, tR‘
2. Basic Theory: Adjusted Retention Volume, VR‘
3. Basic Theory: Distribution Constant, Kc
4. Basic Theory: Retention Factor, k
5. Basic Theory: Phase Ratio, β
6. Basic Theory: Relation between VR‘, KC‘ and β
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CG06
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1. Basic Theory: Chromatographic system efficiency
2. Basic Theory: Quantification of Efficiency
3. Basic Theory: Quantification of Efficiency
4. Basic Theory: Optimization of efficiency
5. Stationary Phases: General concepts
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CG07
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1. Stationary Phases: Characteristics of ideal SP
2. Stationary Phases: Characteristics of ideal SP
3. Stationary Phases: Solid SP: Adsorption
4. Stationary Phases: Solid SP
5. Stationary Phases: Liquid SP: Absorption
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CG08
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1. Stationary Phases: Liquid SP families
2. Stationary Phases: Liquid SP families
3. Stationary Phases: Liquid SP families
4. Stationary Phases: Liquid SP families
5. Stationary Phases: Liquid SP families
6. Stationary Phases: Liquid SP families
7. Stationary Phases: Liquid SP families
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CG09
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1. Stationary Phases: Chiral SP
2. Stationary Phases: Chiral SP
3. Stationary Phases: Chiral SP
4. Stationary Phases: Chiral SP: applications
5. Stationary Phases: Chiral SP: applications
6. Stationary Phases: Chiral SP: applications
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CG10
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1. Packed Columns: Basic Definitions
2. Packed Columns: Liquid SP: Support
3. Packed Columns: Liquid SP: Support
4. Packed Columns: Liquid SP: SP loading
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CG11
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1. Capillary Columns: Basic Definitions
2. Capillary Columns: Inner Diameter
3. Capillary Columns: “Fast GC”: narrow capillary Columns
4. Capillary Columns: Capillaries Columns: injection
5. Capillary Columns: Large Volume Injection (LVI)
6. Capillary Columns: Large Volume Injection (LVI)
7. Capillary Columns: Many-capillary Columns
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CG12
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1. Detectors: General Definitions
2. Detectors: Basic Parameters of Performance
3. Detectors: Basic Parameters of Performance
4. Detectors: Basic Parameters of Performance
5. Detectors: Basic Parameters of Performance
6. Detectors: Basic Parameters of Performance
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CG13
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1. Detectors: Classification
2. Detectors: Thermal Conductivity Detector
3. Detectors: Thermal Conductivity Detector
4. Detectors: Thermal Conductivity Detector
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CG14
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1. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of TCD
2. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of TCD
3. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of TCD
4. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of TCD
5. Detectors: TCD: Applications
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CG15
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1. Detectors: Flame Ionization Detector
2. Detectors: Flame Ionization Detector
3. Detectors: Flame Ionization Detector
4. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of FID
5. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of FID
6. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of FID
7. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of FID
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CG16
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1. Detectors: Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector
2. Detectors: Electron Capture Detector
3. Detectors: Electron Capture Detector
4. Detectors: Electron Capture Detector
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CG17
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1. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of ECD
2. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of ECD
3. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of ECD
4. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of ECD
5. Detectors: Operational Characteristics of ECD
6. Detectors: ECD: Applications
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CG18
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1. Qualitative Analysis: General Concepts
2. Qualitative Analysis: Retention Times
3. Qualitative Analysis: Retention Times
4. Qualitative Analysis: Retention Times
5. Qualitative Analysis: Kovats Retention index
6. Qualitative Analysis: Kovats Retention index
7. Qualitative Analysis: Kovats Retention index
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CG19
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1. Qualitative Analysis: Retention Time Locking (RTL)
2. Qualitative Analysis: Qualitative Detection Methods
3. Qualitative Analysis: Mass Spectrometry
4. Qualitative Analysis: Mass Spectrometry
5. Qualitative Analysis: Mass Spectrometer
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CG20
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1. Qualitative Analysis: Coupling GC-MS
2. Qualitative Analysis: Coupling GC-MS
3. Qualitative Analysis:GC-MS: Chromatogram Generation
4. Qualitative Analysis: Coupling GC-MS: TIC x SIM
5. Qualitative Analysis: Eluate Identification
6. Qualitative Analysis: Eluate Identification
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CG21
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1. Qualitative Analysis: Plasma Atomic Emission
2. Qualitative Analysis: Plasma Generation and Sustentation
3. Qualitative Analysis: Optical Emission Spectra
4. Qualitative Analysis: Typical Scheme of a GC-OED
5. Qualitative Analysis: OED: Plasma Generation
6. Qualitative Analysis: GC-OED interface
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